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At a time when water, electricity and the Internet are readily available, nearly 1.2 billion people around the world live in rural areas without access to water and electricity. Solar systems, a clean energy source, were a good help, but the cost was so high that farmers living on dollars a day could not afford it. They had to buy fuel such as kerosene, which was unsafe and expensive. Lesley Marincola, master of mechanical engineering, designed a "Pay-As-You-Go" for these off-grid farmers, and distributors selling solar equipment, allowing farmers to share the prepaid costs. Finally, they can afford clean energy. Lesley graduated from Stanford University with a bachelor's degree in product design and continued to study for a master's degree in mechanical engineering at Stanford. She said that in engineering classes, 80 % of her classmates are men. She is even less likely to see women in investment opportunities in the future. Wearing the label of a female engineer, Lesley has emerged in many major companies, including the Amazon Kindle, until she met a Kenyan woman Rose. Rose is a smart Kenyan woman who lives in a rural area that is out of the water supply system. She works during the day and sells solar lights near the village at night. According to statistics, 1.2 billion people in the world are in a state of disconnection with the outside world. Some villagers occasionally have power generation equipment due to donations from non-profit organizations or charities. Therefore, many households still use kerosene as fuel. However, kerosene is dangerous and releases toxic gases. The price is not cheap. The average household often uses nearly 20 % of its income to buy fuel lighting. Solar energy is a clean energy source. It should help these households that are separated from the hydropower supply system to provide stable electricity, safe and low-cost, but Rose can only sell a few solar lights per month, and Lesley is troubled by poor sales, but she later found that Many farmers earn only $1 or $2 a day, and solar systems are often expensive to install. Poor farmers do not have enough funds or savings habits to buy clean energy systems such as solar energy at once. They also do not have bank accounts and can not borrow money. To maintain household lighting or other energy use, only a portion of monthly income can be spent on fuel, leading to a vicious cycle of poverty. Leslie was wondering how she could completely reform the power industry so that poor isolated farmers could get the clean energy they needed. Lesley came up with a win-win solution. She established Angaza in 2012, developed an electronic system platform, and cooperated with solar lamp manufacturers and distributors to modify their products. Combine these clean energy products with a "Pay-As-You-Go" system. This pay-as-you-go system is for distributors to increase consumer energy use by allowing these poor farmers to pay for off-grid solar systems through affordable instalments. According to the Global Off-Light Association, the power energy market in poor areas can be as high as 50 billion U.S. dollars per year, which is a blank market for distributors. Distributors can also systematically collect user information through Angaza's platform. In addition to allowing them to remotely diagnose and solve problems, prevent product failures, and do not need to arrange technicians to travel to rural families to incur high costs, but also allow them to get more information. To expand the business. It is even more convenient for users. They only have to pay a small down payment of about US$ 1-5, purchase solar lights through Angaza's local distributors, and obtain charging interfaces and solar panels; Just like the mobile phone call fee, the lighting time of the solar lamp is proportional to the cost paid by the user. Once the account balance is used up, the new fee will be paid by telephone. If no new fee is paid, the solar system will stop providing electricity; In addition, users need to pay the remaining cost of buying solar lights within 12 months, approximately US$ 1-2 per month. They no longer need to worry about unsafe kerosene, releasing toxic gases, and save money on fuel to keep their children in school. Angaza's system can not only be used for solar lights, but also cooperate with solar pumps, stoves, etc. to bring clean energy to the poor, change their habit of using kerosene, and reduce pollution of the environment and health hazards. At the same time, it has brought huge business opportunities for new energy equipment distributors in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, South Africa, India and Pakistan. "By allowing these off-line people to pay in small instalments, they can eventually afford these products, and distributors also benefit from monitoring data and monitoring customer payments. Over the past two years, 2 million people have switched from fuels such as kerosene to clean energy, such as solar energy, and hope to connect solar systems to 100 million poor people over the next five years, said Peter Thuo, Angaza's customer manager. So far, Angaza has benefited more than 500,000 households, saving them more than $50 million, Lesley said. "This is to give anyone access to the world, no matter where you are or where you are. "

European PV industry rises European demand for photovoltaic will be the strongest year since 2012 and is expected to reach 18 gigawatts, against the backdrop of an increasing number of business agreements. IHS believes that the more attractive cost competitiveness is the main driver of the European solar energy renaissance. Utility scale markets in Europe will be the biggest winners, accounting for 48 per cent of installations, up from 33 per cent last year. "The increase is due to tenders from Germany, France, the Netherlands and Spain, which will increase the size of new utilities in Europe by 62 per cent this year," the IHS report said. Almost a quarter of the new photovoltaic capacity will come from private purchase agreements signed directly with large electricity consumers or energy traders. The main markets for private power purchase agreements are Spain, Portugal and Italy. Renovation and upgrading European aging photovoltaic facilities will be retrofitted, upgraded and resupplied in 2019. According to IHS Markit, about 40 gigawatts of capacity plants have been in service for more than six years. Although old-fashioned photovoltaic facilities benefit from generous incentives, aging technology and component defects will affect production capacity. Equipment manufacturers seeking new sales channels see opportunities, especially in Germany, Italy, and Hefaguo, Spain. China will continue to promote global market dynamics In the past eight years, China has experienced unprecedented growth in photovoltaic power generation, with 175 gigawatts installed. The National feed-in tariff policy stimulated the domestic market and the country quickly strengthened its manufacturing base. So far, China's national development and reform commission has begun pushing photovoltaic power to grid parity, but unsubsidized projects will generate little demand this year, according to IHS analysts. Still, analysts predict China will stabilize at 40 to 50 gigawatts over the next four years. The IHS also said China would continue to support this estimate by providing a framework that reflects its climate-sensitive agenda and protects its manufacturing base. "Any major deviation by China from this path will have a significant impact on the global outlook," analysts explained. " Large energy storage space for public utilities The IHS said it would see the first meaningful installation of utility scale energy reserves juxtaposed with solar power plants this year. Most of the development will take place in North America, with a forecast of 500 megawatt-hours. American market growth will be boosted by federal investment tax credits. Last year, it was decided that the tax plan could also be applied to storage systems that juxtaposed solar energy with utility sizes. The IHS report notes that "projects to increase the size of utility photovoltaic systems for batteries in the United States have grown to more than 6 gigawatts," but analysts caution that many projects are speculative. However, they expect to build 2 gigawatts of energy storage over the next five years. With the exception of the United States, South Korea is another high-growth market for large energy storage this year. Inverter Market Competition Inverter prices have fallen 61 % in the past five years, putting enormous pressure on manufacturers 'profits and revenues. As a result, many suppliers have sought to diversify their product mix by providing engineering, procurement and construction services, as well as operations and maintenance. Analysts say the trend will continue. To avoid the commercialization of inverter products, suppliers must make rapid use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, Internet of Things applications and other new technologies. Charging of electric vehicles is expected to grow at a high rate over the next decade. Module efficiency competition is heating up The efficiency of solar modules has increased by 25 % over the past decade, and high-performance technologies such as single-crystal batteries are becoming mainstream. More efficient PERC batteries could account for half of global production this year, up from 14 per cent in 2016. "The possibility of using p-type PERC batteries for mass production of 400W modules in 2019 is being discussed," IHS said. "Longji, Jingke, Canadian Solar and other first-line brands have announced products that will reach 400W. However, the two-sided module may need to wait until 2020 or later to achieve a commercial breakthrough. Before that, the pilot will provide more data for investors considering technology, according to IHS Markit. Full digitization of energy systems About 30,000 new Internet of Things photovoltaic inverters are shipped every day this year, reaching about 11 million in 12 months. The industry will focus this year on how to generate value from the data they will provide, the IHS said. Operations and management may be the first application area of the development. For example, ABB, Schneider Electric and Siemens have provided a full range of industrial Internet of Things platforms. In addition, there may be developments this year in the measurement, monitoring and operation of more decentralized residential and grid scale solar power plants. Even the combination of accumulated data may lead to utility management packages. "For example, combining customer measurement data, solar inverter output and weather information can enable utilities or grid operators to calculate and cover energy needs and better manage the grid. "

As one of China's top ten targeted poverty alleviation projects, since the pilot work began in 2014, remarkable progress has been made in the past five years, and the goal of increasing the income of poor people and effectively protecting the ecological environment has been steadily achieved. At the same time, there are also a series of problems such as poor quality, low stability, and unreliable income. In order to ensure the stability of the income of the photovoltaic poverty alleviation power station, at the "2019 China PV Poverty Reduction Symposium for a New Era" held on March 9, the person in charge of a poverty alleviation agency said: "By the end of 2018, the state has issued a photovoltaic poverty alleviation power station target of more than 15GW. However, there are 5GW indicators that have failed to pass the production review for various reasons. " Due to a series of problems in the photovoltaics power station, the Poverty Reduction Office of the State Council has focused its attention on the quality of photovoltaics in 2019. In an interview, the head of the aid-the-poor agency said: "This year, the country will conduct the first interview work on the photovoltaics poverty alleviation power station. The relevant personnel of the project that has been declared successful but has not been strictly implemented as required will be interviewed. " Worry of Photovoltaics Poverty Alleviation Power Station "On the one hand, we are struggling to compete for the targets of photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects in various parts of the country. Only 320 areas should have met the conditions for applying for photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations, but they have welcomed more than twice as many applicants. On the other hand, they have seized the areas where photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects have been carried out. One-third of them can't get through production properly. The poor quality, low stability and unguaranteed yield of power stations have seriously affected the poverty eradication effectiveness of photovoltaic project sites. " According to the Beijing Jianheng Certification Center, after a long period of time, various forms of power station testing and evaluation have been carried out in 10 provinces and 45 counties across the country, and nearly 400 village-level and village-level joint power stations and 40 centralized pro-poor power stations have been put into operation. It is found that the problems of poor equipment quality and low reliability seriously affect the expected revenue of photovoltaics power stations. Jizhenshuang, deputy director of the Beijing Jianheng Certification Center, pointed out at the meeting: "Overall, PV poverty alleviation has achieved remarkable results. Power stations have been built and shipped. The performance level of most power stations is within acceptable limits, and the expected income can basically be achieved.; A small number of power stations have low efficiency levels. A small number of power stations can not meet the requirements of economic operation, and even some power stations should be put out of operation. This should attract sufficient attention. It is understood that the reason why the photovoltaics poverty alleviation power station has the above problems is mainly because some companies use the photovoltaics poverty alleviation power station as a "gold mine", and the equipment, products, and transportation and maintenance used have not met certain standards. Even some photovoltaic power stations use photovoltaic components that have been eliminated, and the later transportation is unmanned, making the power station an "orphan" power station. Based on the current situation of the photovoltaic poverty alleviation power station, Deputy Director Jizhenshuang suggested: "In selecting the key equipment of the photovoltaic poverty alleviation power station, especially components and inverters, we should try our best to choose the first-line brand companies that meet the standards of the front-runners, have good quality credibility, and have strong comprehensive strength. Products, In this way, the quality of the power station, the stability of the system and the effectiveness of the revenue can be guaranteed. " The "leader program" standard is inevitable Due to a series of problems in the photovoltaics power station, the Poverty Reduction Office of the State Council has focused its attention on the quality of photovoltaics in 2019. In an interview, the head of the aid-the-poor agency said: "This year, the country will conduct the first interview work on the photovoltaics poverty alleviation power station. The relevant personnel of the project that has been declared successful but has not been strictly implemented as required will be interviewed. " A few days ago, Liuyongfu, director of the Poverty Alleviation Office of the State Council, also said in an interview with the media that China's poverty alleviation work has entered a critical period. This year, more than 10 million poor people will be reduced. We must severely crack down on fraud in the area of poverty alleviation. Therefore, the state attaches great importance to the problem of fraud in the field of poverty alleviation. Including photovoltaics, the state is bound to conduct centralized evaluation and management of all poverty alleviation projects this year. Those responsible for photovoltaics power stations that are of low quality, inefficient, and have no guarantee of income will be blamed. In order to monitor the quality of photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations, the Poverty Reduction Office of the State Council will carry out real-time monitoring of photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations in 2019. The power generation of photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations will be reported in real time, and it will be clear whether the efficiency of photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations will meet the standards. In addition, the Poverty Reduction Office of the State Council will also strictly focus on the quality work of photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations and, in coordination with relevant departments, will issue the "Measures for the Management of Photovolt Power Stations." With the above measures, inefficient photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations will have nowhere to hide. High-quality, high-efficiency and high-yield photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations that meet the standards of "front-runners" will become the mainstream of photovoltaic poverty alleviation. The standards of "leader's plan" should be carried out throughout the construction of power stations The PV poverty alleviation station wants to maintain the same standards as the front-runners, not only in the selection of components and inverters, but also in the design and construction of good design construction units. Jizhenshuang emphasized: "The improper selection of sites and the unreasonable array design have led to the low performance of photovoltaic power stations. The reporter learned that some power stations did not consider Geological conditions when they were located. After the completion of the poverty alleviation power station, the power station was shut down due to floods, landslides and other reasons. There are also some power stations that have caused various failures in power stations after the investment and transportation of pro-poor power stations due to the design and construction of reduced materials and the failure of freezing factors. Even some power stations did not use the corresponding cables and overload protection devices as required, resulting in fire and other safety accidents in the power station. Such events are numerous. The construction of photovoltaics poverty alleviation power station should let the standards of the front-runners be implemented from beginning to end. The Information Industry Electronics 11th Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd.. General Manager of Science and Technology Engineering Co., Ltd. and Huamingshi, Director of Beiling Power Station, introduced at the symposium: "We have built a 40 MW ground photovoltaic power project in Gongyi, and the project will be connected in 2016. The network has so far accumulated nearly 100 million degrees of power generation. Now our gongyi 40 megawatt photovoltaic power station has become a local business card. " The reason for this achievement is that Huamingshi believes that eleven technologies have been fully prepared at the beginning of the design and construction. He analyzed: "First, according to the cooperation of land planning plans and local government planning departments, the scope of unused land is initially determined, and the best area is 1-2 times the actual area of use, and the land and forestry parts are coordinated; The second is to see whether there are 35 kV and field substations around the site area. If the power station capacity is below 30 MW, you can choose 35 kV lines. If 35 MW or more, Deze chooses 10 kV lines; Third, fully assess the terrain and try to choose the direction toward the South. If there is no positive South, you can choose to set up photovoltaic panels in the Southeast or Southwest direction; Fourth, pay attention to removing graves and gutters within the site area to prevent landslides and subsidence due to loose soil; The fifth is whether there are traffic conditions around the survey, whether it can meet the entry and exit of large vehicles, whether there are overpasses and culverts on the main traffic routes, and whether it can meet the requirements for the entry of large equipment in the later period; The sixth is to carry out preliminary ground survey, understand the geographical conditions, and on this basis plan the construction plan of the mountain photovolt power station bracket. " With such a detailed preliminary preparation is not enough, it is also necessary to comprehensively consider the terrain analysis and sunshine shadow analysis of mountain power stations; Select suitable support form for construction; Select the suitable design of the power line; Give full attention to the design of the drainage system in the formation area; Proper planning and construction of main roads and patrol roads in the array area of power stations. The 11th Science and Technology is to adhere to the design and construction of photovoltaic power stations based on the standards of front-runners. Each step takes full account of the use of power stations in the next 25 years or more as a starting point, and comprehensively builds high-quality photovoltaic power stations., won the praise of the industry. 30 % increase in poverty alleviation with "Lead Runner Plan" It is reported that the "National PV Runner Program" was initiated by the National Energy Administration and uses the most advanced technologies and core equipment of photovoltaic power stations, such as components and inverters, to build photovoltaic power generation demonstration bases and new technology application demonstration projects. Starting from the first batch of PV leaders 'plans launched in Datong, Shanxi Province, China's PV industry has developed rapidly, and the requirements for the core equipment of PV power stations, such as components and inverters, have been constantly increasing. It is always the most advanced technology and product in the industry. Poverty alleviation by the standards of the front-runners is a clear request in the "Measures for the Management of Photovoltaics Poverty Alleviation Power Stations." Longjileye, assistant chairman of Wangyingge, said at the symposium: "Only when the quality of the photovoltaics poverty alleviation power station is guaranteed, the safety is guaranteed, and the power generation is guaranteed, the issue of poverty eradication effectiveness is discussed. The state hopes that the benefits of photovoltaic power stations will be long-term and sustainable. Longji actively responded to the call of the national policy to use the products of the front-runners to do photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects. The photovoltaic poverty alleviation project can use Longji's half piece of double-sided product Hi-MO3, which has higher power than ordinary components and double-sided power generation. Poor households can increase their income by about 30 %. " Qinxiao, deputy director of the solar energy Department of the General Institute of Hydropower Planning and Design, summed up the experience of photovoltaic poverty alleviation over the years and said that the country attaches great importance to the development of photovoltaic poverty alleviation. The photovoltaics poverty alleviation has also shifted from the initial exploration to a new stage of quality and efficiency improvement. Judging from the results of the test of the photovoltaic poverty alleviation power station that has been built so far, the photovoltaic poverty alleviation project that adopts the standards of the front-runners has higher power generation, which brings more benefits to the people and will be more sustainable. The reporter learned that by 2020, the government will build photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations in about 50,000 state-level poor villages with good lighting conditions, and use the entire village to advance, thus guaranteeing 2.8 million non-working poor households. Each year, each household will increase its income by more than 3,000 yuan. At present, a total of 13.63 million kilowatts of photovoltaics power stations have been built to help 2.24 million poor households. The construction of photovoltaics power stations will reach their final peak this year and next, and only the core equipment that meets the standards of the front-runners will be selected. For example, components, inverters, etc., and choose to use the leader as the standard for the design and construction of power stations, in order to achieve the expected poverty alleviation effect, can withstand the test of time, can make photovoltaic poverty alleviation become the most concentrated in the precision industry poverty alleviation.

14 Provinces Have Excellent PV Market Potential According to the regulations of the National Energy Administration, the results of photovoltaic environmental monitoring and evaluation are an important basis for guiding the orderly development of various regions. Among them, the area where the evaluation result is red is released in principle. Orange District can arrange an annual planning and guidance scale of up to 50 % on the premise that relevant parties propose measures to protect the market environment. The National Energy Bureau of Green Area will guarantee the scale of its photovoltaic power station development according to the plan and provide appropriate support as appropriate. Local governments and enterprises can arrange investment and construction in an orderly manner. Our statistics for the three years from 2016 to 2018 show that the three northeastern provinces, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hebei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and other regions have performed steadily and are basically evaluated as green areas. This means that the PV market in these 14 provinces has low risk and high potential, and has long-term and stable development prospects, and is suitable for enterprises to make investment choices. In addition to these 14 provinces, this year's Inner Mongolia Mengdong Sidi Class II Resource Area, Shaanxi Yulin, Yan 'an District, Class III Resource Area, and Shanxi Class III Resource Area have also successfully entered the green camp. According to the statistics of market installed capacity in the first three quarters of 2018, 71 % of the new market installed capacity in the country comes from green areas, and the hot market situation is evident. In the context of this year's PV industry's promotion of affordable Internet access, these evaluation results will be the first to benefit from the green areas. Combined with regional planning, government support and other convenient conditions, it is expected that at least 15 GW of new installed capacity will be concentrated in these areas. outbreak. Red Lights in the Three Northwestern Provinces In the latest statistical evaluation results, Gansu and Xinjiang have been listed as red areas for three consecutive years, and the situation of photovoltaic power generation market is worrying. The Tibetan region was orange in 2016 and 2017, and it was also evaluated as red in 2018. This means that these three places will not, in principle, release the annual new construction scale this year. In addition, according to the previous regulations of the Energy Bureau in the promotion of parity access policy, photovoltaic power generation early warning evaluations are red areas, and in principle no new local affordable access projects and low-cost access projects will be arranged. This means that in Xinjiang, Gansu and Tibet, PV parity will lag behind, and even in the short term, there will be no new PV projects for local consumption. In fact, the main problem in these three regions is photovoltaics. In response to this problem, the country has also passed the "Clean Energy Absorption Action Plan," which stipulated that by 2020, the disposal rate in Gansu, Xinjiang and other places should be limited to 10 %. In the next one to two years, the advantages of the photovoltaic market are also expected to re-emerge as the disposal of light in these three regions eases. The remaining orange areas can select approved(filed) projects with better resource conditions to continue to work on affordable and low-cost Internet access. Comparing the results of the monitoring and evaluation of the PV power generation market from 2016 to 2018, we can see that the domestic PV market environment has generally improved, which is conducive to the long-term healthy development of PV.

This year, major institutional innovations will be made in the management of photovoltaic power generation in China. On the afternoon of February 18, the New Energy Department of the National Energy Administration convened a symposium for relevant companies to solicit corporate opinions on the management of photovoltaic power generation in 2019. "The Ministry of Finance determines the scale of subsidies, the upper limit of subsidies set by the NDRC, the competition rules set by the Energy Bureau, the intensity of enterprises 'subsidies, and the scale of market construction. Industry experts have summed up the key points of the draft consultation. In addition to the business representative seminar on the afternoon of February 18, the Department of New Energy of the Department of Energy will also organize a symposium for experts and associations on February 19. This also means that the draft opinion is only a discussion draft, and more details will be implemented in the future. There is still room for adjustment. Decrease subsidies, market expansion At the end of 2018, China's photovoltaic power generation ranks first in the world, and photovoltaic power generation has changed from a high-speed growth stage to a high-quality development stage. In order to further improve the management of photovoltaic power generation construction, the National Energy Administration stated at a press conference held earlier that according to the actual development of the industry, photovoltaic development in 2019 will be divided into photovoltaic power projects that do not require state subsidies and photovoltaic power projects that require state subsidies.. For photovoltaic power generation projects that do not require state subsidies, local governments shall organize the construction of such projects on the premise that they meet the management requirements of planning, monitoring and evaluation of the market environment, and implement the conditions such as access to the network. Specifically in accordance with the provisions of the "Circular on Actively Promoting the Work of Unsubsidized Affordable Internet Access for Wind Power and Photovoltaics". For photovoltaic power generation projects that require state subsidies, except for projects that are specially supported by state policies, in principle, construction projects and subsidies should be determined by market-oriented competition. The discussion paper, which was of great interest, divided the projects that needed subsidies into five categories: poverty reduction projects; Household photovoltaic; Ordinary photovoltaic power stations(ground power stations); Industrial and commercial distributed photovoltaic and leading players, ultra-high pressure channel supporting and other special projects. In addition to poverty alleviation, household use and approved special projects, the discussion paper pointed out that distributed and terrestrial power stations all use competitive methods to obtain subsidy targets. The change in management thinking is also reflected in the fact that the scale of the project is no longer allocated to various places in a "netting" manner, and the development of better resources is given priority. "The significance of the upper limit of the price set by the NDRC is to set the price of electricity for non-competitive projects such as household photovoltaic and poverty alleviation. The Energy Bureau formulates the rules for bidding, and enterprises declare the price of electricity according to their own conditions, which is equivalent to the strength of subsidies to be determined by the enterprises themselves. So the size of the market is determined by the market, which means that the identity of the Energy Agency has also changed dramatically, from the management of resource distribution to auction houses. "Pengpeng, Secretary General of the New Energy Power Investment Alliance, said. According to market rumors, the scale of photovoltaic new subsidies in 2019 is RMB 3 billion, so the higher the power subsidy, the smaller the market size. The willingness on the part of companies is that the size of the market is willing to transfer the intensity of subsidies before the intensity of subsidies, in exchange for greater market size. "The shift in role is the general trend, because according to the current situation in the market, if there is no alternative source of funding for renewable energy subsidies, and at the same time it is hoped that there will be a larger market size to support the new market, and then drive the subsequent manufacturing industry., Therefore, there is a need to reduce the intensity of subsidies and come up with new project allocation methods. The new energy power investment alliance believes this will make it more difficult for energy bureaus at all levels to manage projects. How to bid? Specifically, according to the division of the resource area where the project is located, the price of the bid will be rated as the decrease in the price of the bid price(with the smallest unit as the minimum unit) compared to the maximum bid price of each resource area, and the large reduction will be ranked first to determine the items included in the subsidy scope. Until the total amount of subsidy for the selected project reaches the total amount of subsidy for the current new project set by the State. The core of the existing bidding rules is to control the total amount of subsidies through bidding so that it can support as many projects as possible. In terms of refinement, provinces will calculate the total amount of subsidies for annual projects based on the expected annual power generation hours and installed capacity after ranking according to the level of the subsidy price compared to the level of the competitive price. The competent national department then puts the projects summarized by each province into the summary table, and ranks the price of the combined tariff declaration as compared with the price of the bid upper limit, until the total amount of subsidies for the selected projects reaches the total amount of subsidies for the new project in the year determined by the state. After "2018," 5.31 "After the network, projects that do not require subsidies have the most advantages. For these companies, subsequent subsidies are additional benefits. Mr Pengpeng said: "Further discussion is needed on how to participate in completed projects." " It should be noted that the discussion on modalities and methods of bidding should also take into account relevant supporting documents, such as the electricity price policy document, the document on the clear allocation of subsidies, and the document on the market environment monitoring mechanism. The specific implementation of the bidding involves some of the provisions in the above documents that are questionable. "If the national policy can be released by the beginning of March, considering that the provinces still need to conduct project statistics for a certain period of time, it is already a more optimistic estimate for the development companies in the second quarter. If we want to achieve the network by the end of the year, There are only two quarters of the construction cycle, which is more stressful for state-owned enterprises. "Pengpeng said. According to the discussion paper, when reporting, each project is required to report a clear construction period, that is, the production season. Projects that enter the scope of state subsidies should be completed and connected before the end of the expected production quarter of the declaration. If they are not completed by the end of the deadline, the price of electricity and subsidies should be reduced by the same extent as the National tariff policy. If it is not completed within two quarters after the filing quarter, it is considered as an automatic waiver, disqualifying the project subsidy, and affecting the market environment monitoring and evaluation in the area, which ultimately affects the owner's next year's project declaration. Regarding the new market in 2019, Anxin New pointed out that in the first quarter of this year, everyone has a high degree of enthusiasm for photovoltaic. This year's overseas business has grown rapidly. First-and second-tier companies have already signed up for orders in the first half of the year, and some companies are also signing orders for the third and fourth quarters. These orders also come mainly from overseas markets. After "May 31", overseas markets reflected the demand for parity. "The efforts in the Chinese industrial chain have brought many foreign markets to a state of parity. At present, the amount in Europe has grown rapidly. From this perspective, many enterprises will have a good performance in this round of cycle, industrial chain prices have also recovered. "Anxin new chief Dengkangyong said.

On February 14, 2019, the Guizhou Provincial Development and Reform Commission announced the "2019 Guizhou Province Major Projects and Key Projects List and Promotion Plan". In 2019, 2,738 major projects and key projects were arranged, with a total investment of 4,446.6 billion yuan. The investment is 720.4 billion yuan. It is understood that the list covers power projects in various fields such as hydropower, wind power, photovoltaic power generation, transmission and distribution.

The photovoltaic industry is entering a new round of industrial integration. The policy is iteratively accelerated, low-price competition is rampant, and the industry's production capacity is over-represented, and the industry's oligarchy tends to be obvious. The phrase [a bright future" cannot sum up the real situation of the development of the entire industry. Just like the game in "Animal Manor", the strong devours the weak, the fist is big and the fist is small, and the business competition is extremely cruel. The analysis believes that in the next few years, the following 12 PV companies are likely to be eliminated in the new round of industrial integration and competition. The first one: long-term cash flow is tight, stocks are high, and companies with serious triangular debts Not only small enterprises, according to the analysis of the earnings of some listed companies, some medium-sized and large-scale enterprises also have very tight cash flow, and there are also some pressures on inventory. Some enterprises have high accounts receivable and management costs increase significantly. If there are no effective strategies and channels to solve the above problems and pressures in the long run, some enterprises will lose the ability to continue to operate, and eventually suddenly [broken" or even close down in the violent fluctuations of industrial policies or markets. Second: companies without core technology, no innovation and motivation Saying goodbye to the era of "scale advantage", the photovoltaic industry is developing with high quality and efficiency, reducing costs with technological innovation, and finally achieving parity online. You can't stop this trend. In this industry, once I have imitated the drawings, or gave people a job, I can make money, but that era is gradually drifting away. Even if you rely on the big tree, if you don't have core technology, you don't have the ability to innovate, and sooner or later you will be eliminated. The third type: photovoltaic enterprises with extensive management of enterprises and incapable of reducing costs in management and operation This year's PV front-runners bid for several times to issue the first round of warnings to enterprises. Next year's "super leader" is expected to bring more pressure to some companies. Enterprises should not only be technologically innovative, but also continually optimize management and operations to reduce overall costs to adapt to the era of increasingly low prices. For some medium-sized and large-scale PV companies, it is also necessary to establish a modern enterprise system with the best domestic and foreign companies as the benchmark to achieve sustainable growth. The fourth type: medium-sized photovoltaic enterprises with the top leaders of the enterprise [knowing people without knowing themselves" Some medium-sized PV companies have been established for some years, and they have also established a certain status in the market, and the leaders of the company can be regarded as a success, and it is time to "sit a break." After they have become famous, they may look at the head of the people and look dizzy. Therefore, there is no new and clear strategic plan: what to insist on, what to improve, how to innovate, how to stick to it, and how to face new competition. Fifth: companies that rely too heavily on a regional market If you rely too much on a country or regional market, once the policy or market changes, the company's survival may immediately fall into the realm of life and death. For example, Shanghai has a grid-connected inverter manufacturer, 90% of which are sold to the UK market. Today, the scenery of the UK market is no longer the fate of this manufacturer. This is just a manufacturer of inverter electrical appliances, and there are quite a few component factories. This 1-2 years depends on the British market, and the strength is maintained. The UK market suddenly changed, and some small and medium-sized PV companies in China soon faced the problem of bankruptcy. Sixth: small and medium-sized enterprises that are involved in photovoltaics but are accustomed to twisting As the industry recovers, other new capital entering the photovoltaic industry is also increasing. Especially in the wake of entrepreneurial trends and the promotion of related policies such as [Photovoltaic+", there are more and more cross-border companies emerging in the upstream and downstream of the PV industry chain. They cover all aspects of the upstream and downstream of the photovoltaic industry chain. Some of them are born out of the photovoltaic industry, and some may come from IT, big power, and even the industry where "the gossip can't beat". It is completely cross-border. For such enterprises, the most taboo should be [empiricalism": different time, different markets, different industries, facing different employees or consumers, if you want to use the past feelings to do market, do channels, engage in contacts, It may not work in the photovoltaic industry. They are likely to be blocked in the fierce market competition, and there will be chasing troops in the future. In the end, they will be [suppressed to death". Seventh: companies that rely on one or two big customers to discuss life The term "big customer" always makes the eyes of the marketers shine. However, large customers sometimes face financial constraints, construction suspension, and planned changes. Large customers can generally rely on a while, but they can't rely on the world. Under the increasingly standardized industry, but the competition is becoming increasingly fierce, many big customers may not dare to continue to arbitrarily sprinkle money. What should I do in the future? Companies that rely on one or two big customers are risky. Unless you are relying on a large customer at the first level. If you rely on the second, third and fourth level customers, high risk! Others are new companies that were established after the [single flight" of the original large companies. They may also rely on a fixed [big customer" or a single channel to survive, but the risk is also very high,big. The eighth type: some enterprises that want to solve problems by [funding" and [crowdfunding" According to the observation of entrepreneur Feng Lun, there are mainly three ways for private enterprises to allocate capital resources. One is to allocate resources by power levers, and the other is to allocate resources by means of market. Another is to raise funds by geography, kinship and blood relationship. Past historical evidence proves that most of the people who actually die in fundraising are grassroots private entrepreneurs. For some PV companies, if you don't have the privilege of configuring resources and the experience, knowledge and ability of the market to allocate resources, you have to take the private fund-raising route. When the law is too strict, it is easy to get out of the situation. Sudden death or accidental injury, so I went to the other side. The ninth: obsessed with political and business relations, and the "tiger" officials are inextricably entrepreneurs or bosses In China, officials of all sizes can be called politicians. Large and small bosses are also called entrepreneurs. The relationship between politics and business has evolved into a relationship between leaders and bosses. The development of photovoltaic enterprises is inseparable from the support of government departments and officials at all levels. However, things have two sides, and the investment in large-scale PV projects is huge, involving many bidding matters. Now the "anti-corruption storm" is still going on, and the tiger movement has not stopped. In the past few years, the energy industry has been [handled" by a large number of tigers. The so-called [pull up the radish and bring out the mud", even if it is a very good business of photovoltaic enterprises, once the incident occurs, the consequences are unimaginable. The heads of photovoltaic enterprises should pay attention to it. In the fierce market competition environment, we must pay attention to physical health and avoid entering the hospital. Second, we must handle the relationship between government and business, and put more emphasis on corporate governance and innovation, so as not to enter the court. The tenth: the "hacker" company, the shell company, the hit company With the completion of relevant regulatory policies and the maturity of the market, many [body companies" in the photovoltaic industry rely on contacts and [roads" to live a productive life and perhaps go to the end (at least reduce) . The goal of the current industrial policy is to go online at a low price, and companies with technology, cost and management advantages can get more market share. In the past, the situation of [bad money expelling good money" has been obviously reversed. In the past, relying on [making relationships" every day, companies that use unscrupulous means to engage in [roads" and defraud subsidies will be squeezed out of the market. The eleventh: a company that succumbs to strategic choices and owes too much money Some medium-sized and large-scale companies may have lived in the past few years, but they must avoid strategic investment mistakes. There have been many lessons from the case of dragging down enterprises due to investment mistakes. Another company that is the easiest to dump is a large company with large accounts, which have large companies and small companies. The economy is down, and cash is king. The overall economic situation is not good, and the photovoltaic enterprises that are first dumped must be enterprises with poor cash flow. At present, in order to ensure cash flow, the accounts receivable cycle between upstream and downstream enterprises is also constantly expanding. Once individual medium-sized and large enterprises fail, they may drag on more companies. The twelfth type: can not stand the vicious competition, see the photovoltaic "red dust", the initiative to leave the enterprise Although the photovoltaic industry is very attractive, the business here is not good. How much money does PV make? If the subsidy falls or the subsidy is cancelled? The low price competition in 2017 and 2018 has reached the point of [malicious" and even [unbearable" for some investors. Then there may be enterprises that [see through the red dust" (none be disillusioned with the mortal world)and leave the photovoltaic industry – I am not mixing here, I am going to engage in the Internet. Going to eco-agriculture, can't you do it? Making money is not necessarily less than this!

The use of solar energy by humans has long been popular, but the utilization of solar energy on the ground is not high, and it will be attenuated by the absorption and scattering of the atmosphere, as well as the effects of cloud rain, season, and day and night. At the same time, the energy density varies greatly and is very unstable. Solar energy in space is very abundant. Pang Zhihao, chief scientific communication expert for space exploration technology in the country, said that if a solar power station is built on a geosynchronous orbit about 36,000 kilometers, the sun's rays will not be weakened by the atmosphere, nor will it be affected by seasonal and day and night changes. 99% of the time can be Stable reception of solar radiation, its intensity is more than 6 times the ground. The fixed-point transmission of energy through the space to the ground provides an inexhaustible source of clean energy for humans. The core application goal of the development of space solar power plants is to provide large-scale commercial power supply to the ground. Pang Zhihao said that because of its wide coverage, it can supply power to remote areas, islands and disaster areas, and it can also be used flexibly for ground moving targets. At the same time, space solar power plants can power spacecraft in the [visible" range, freeing spacecraft from huge solar cell wings and greatly increasing power levels and control accuracy. It can also be used as a candidate for deep space exploration energy systems, and it can also be used for space fuel production and space processing manufacturing in the future to realize space industry development. In addition, space solar power plants can also clean up the "bad" caused by traditional energy. Pang Zhihao said that the use of petrochemical energy has caused global warming, and there have been frequent occurrences of typhoons and tornadoes. The transmission of the huge energy of the space solar power station to the area where the typhoon is located can change the temperature distribution of the typhoon and destroy its formation process. Facing multiple technical challenges Pang Zhihao introduced that the main working principle of space solar power station is: solar power generation device converts solar energy into electric energy; energy conversion device converts electric energy into microwave or laser, and transmits the beam to the ground by using transmitting device; ground receiving system receives space transmission The beam is converted into electrical energy into the grid by a conversion device. "At present, the technical principle has not been much problem." Pang Zhihao said that in recent years, solar power generation efficiency, microwave conversion efficiency and related aerospace technology have made great progress, laying the foundation for the next step of development. However, as a grand space system, space solar power plants have to be broken in many aspects of technology. For example, the world's largest spacecraft, the International Space Station, weighs more than 400 tons, while an industrial-scale space solar power station weighs thousands of tons. How to build? Some domestic experts suggested that the construction materials of the space solar power station should be launched into space, and a "space factory" would be established. The required components would be printed out by 3D printing technology and then assembled by space robots (14.820, 0.06, 0.41%). This is one of the current research directions. Long-term operational safety is also an important issue. Pang Zhihao said that the impact of long-term microwave radiation on ecology, atmosphere, and organisms needs further study. In addition, the construction of space solar power plants poses great challenges to new materials, high-efficiency energy conversion devices, super-large spacecraft structures and control technologies, and on-orbit assembly and maintenance technologies. China is expected to be built first Because of its weight and scale far surpassing existing space facilities, space solar power plants are known as the [Manhattan Project" in the space and energy sectors of the new era. Since 1968, relevant concepts have been proposed. The US government and enterprises have invested nearly 100 million US dollars and implemented a number of research and development plans; Japan has officially included it in the national space long-term plan; Russia, India, South Korea, and ESA are also carrying out relevant the study. In 2008, China incorporated the research and development of space solar power plants into the national preliminary research plan. In recent years, the platform has proposed non-concentrating, quadratic symmetrical concentrating, multi-rotating joints and spherical energy harvesting arrays, while wireless energy transmission. Significant progress has been made in key technologies. At present, China's research on space solar power plants has initially realized from "follow-and-run" to "and run", becoming an important force in promoting the development of space solar power plants internationally. Li Ming, director of the Science and Technology Committee of the China Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, told reporters that if China can maintain and further increase research and development, China is expected to become the first country in the world to build a solar power station with practical value space. The reporter learned that China's first space solar power plant experimental base has recently started construction in Chongqing. It plans to build small and medium-scale stratospheric solar power stations and generate electricity from 2021 to 2025; after 2025, it will start work on large-scale space solar power station systems. Xi'an will build a ground verification platform for the space solar power plant system project, which will be used for system verification of the function and efficiency of the space solar power station. According to the recommendations of the relevant expert group, China is striving to complete the space ultra-high voltage power transmission and wireless energy transmission test verification in the next ten years, and realize the construction of the megawatt space solar power test station in 2030 and the construction of the Jiwa class before 2050. Medium and long-term goals for the capacity of commercial space solar power plants.

Despite major policy adjustments, last year's new PV installations exceeded market expectations. On January 28th, the National Energy Administration held a press conference in Beijing to release the operation of renewable energy grid-connected in 2018. By the end of 2018, the domestic installed capacity of renewable energy power generation reached 728 million kilowatts, a year-on-year increase of 12%, accounting for 38.3% of all power installed capacity, up 1.7 percentage points year-on-year. Among them, hydropower installed capacity of 352 million kilowatts, wind power installed capacity of 184 million kilowatts, photovoltaic power generation installed capacity of 174 million kilowatts, biomass power generation installed 17.81 million kilowatts, respectively, an increase of 2.5%, 12.4%, 34% and 20.7%. In 2018, the national renewable energy power generation was 1.87 trillion kWh, accounting for 26.7% of all power generation. Wind power and photovoltaics continue to [double down". In 2018, the national wind power abandonment wind power was 27.7 billion kWh, a year-on-year decrease of 33.89%. The national average wind curtailment rate was 7%, down 5 percentage points year-on-year; the national photovoltaic power generation abandoned photoelectricity decreased by 1.8 billion kWh, and the light rejection rate was 3%, down 2.8 percentage points year-on-year. In 2018, photovoltaic power generation installed capacity of 44.26 million kilowatts, second only to the new installed capacity in 2017, the second highest in history. Among them, centralized power plants and distributed photovoltaics added 23.3 million kilowatts and 20.96 million kilowatts respectively, accounting for 52.64% and 47.46% respectively. As of the end of December 2018, the country's photovoltaic power generation installed capacity reached 174 million kilowatts, ranking first in the world. Among them, the centralized power station is 124 million kilowatts, and the distributed photovoltaic is 50.61 million kilowatts. Li Chuangjun, deputy director of the New Energy and Renewable Energy Division, said that photovoltaic power generation has shifted from a high-speed growth phase to a high-quality development phase. In 2019, the National Energy Administration will promote the high-quality development of photovoltaic power generation as the main line, and maintain a reasonable development scale and development pace of the photovoltaic industry. According to the actual development of the industry, PV development will be divided into two major pieces of management in 2019: one is a photovoltaic power generation project that does not require state subsidies, and the other is a photovoltaic power generation project that requires state subsidies. "For photovoltaic power generation projects that do not require state subsidies, under the premise of meeting the management requirements such as planning and market environment monitoring and evaluation, and implementing conditions such as network access, the local self-organized construction." Li Chuangjun said. On January 9, the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration jointly issued the "Notice on Actively Promoting Non-subsidized Internet Access for Wind Power and Photovoltaic Power Generation". The wind power and photovoltaic industries ushered in the first policy of sending price-level Internet access. The document stipulates that low-cost, low-cost Internet projects will not be subject to annual construction scale restrictions. This means that the industry has provided another incremental market space under the premise that the subsidy gap is expanding and the indicators are shrinking. However, the scope of the above projects does not apply to the whole country. According to the policy, wind power and photovoltaic power generation monitoring and early warning (evaluation) are green areas, which can be carried out on the basis of implementing the conditions for consumption; in the orange area, it is encouraged to select approved (recorded) projects with better resource conditions; red areas In addition to the low-cost Internet demonstration projects that have been arranged for construction and the unsubsidized projects that have been delivered through the inter-provincial trans-regional transmission channels, in principle, no new local low-cost, low-cost Internet projects will be arranged. According to the [Results of Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation of Photovoltaic Power Generation Market in the First Three Quarters of 2018" issued by the National Renewable Energy Information Management Center, the evaluation results are that the green provinces are Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi, Hebei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou. This means that only 14 provinces in the country can carry out photovoltaic parity and low-cost Internet projects on their own. In response to the above-mentioned affordable Internet policy, the National Energy Administration further added at the conference that [wind power, photovoltaic level-level Internet projects and low-cost Internet projects will be organized and implemented by provincial energy authorities. Enterprises can provide provincial energy to the provinces as required. The competent department declares a parity online project and does not need to report to the National Energy Administration." For the photovoltaic power generation projects that require state subsidies, the National Energy Administration said that in addition to the special support projects of the national policy, in principle, market-based competition should be adopted to determine construction projects and subsidy standards. Specific policies, the Energy Bureau is currently working with relevant departments to study and will be introduced as soon as possible.

Various solar products emerge in an endless stream, but they are always used in a small range. The environmental protection effect of sand-forming towers is long.Larger applications include solar water heaters, solar roof power generation systems, and more.However, limited to the reasons for complex installation and low utilization, the application is not extensive and the effect is not great.The importance of solar energy is self-evident.A foreign team hopes to enhance the use of solar energy by households. Therefore, it has made new improvements to solar power generation systems and designed Smartflower. Smartflower is simple, efficient and powerful. It is an integrated solar system. Compared with traditional rooftop power generation systems, Smartflower can greatly improve conversion efficiency and utilization, and fully meet the needs of household power supply.The traditional inverter can only convert the DC output of the solar panel into an AC output to supply power to the power supply. Smartflower uses the VICTRON top-level QUATTRO inverter, which can directly store the excess energy generated in the built-in lithium battery and use the battery for the family electrical power supply. That is, the excess electric energy converted by solar energy can be stored at the same time, and the average utilization rate of the conventional solar power generation system is increased to 60%. At the same time, the battery can be used as a backup power source. The built-in system quickly takes over the connected load in less than 20 milliseconds in the event of a grid failure, allowing the electronic device to continue to operate without interruption. Moreover, Smartflower produces 40% more electricity than traditional rooftop systems because it tracks the straight sun at an angle of 90° from morning to night, independent of changes in the angle of daylight reception, and always converts power at maximum efficiency.This is depend on Smartflower's automatic daylight tracking. Smartflower's built-in GPS control system tracks the sun from both horizontal and vertical angles, and the panels always follows the sun at 90°. Compared to a static roof system, Smartflower is able to maintain power supply from sunrise to sunset, achieving up to 40% of electricity production. Combined with battery storage, it can not only cover daytime electricity consumption, but also effectively meet nighttime power demand through long-term accumulation during the day.At the same time, because the thermal module will lose power transmission, Smartflower sets the automatic ventilation and cooling system to dissipate the hot air generated by the working operation, prevent the module temperature from being too high, improve the transmission efficiency of 10% compared with the traditional power generation system, and enhance the safety of use and prolong the service life. The basis for various optimized conversion capabilities is that Smartflower's solar panel fan can be expanded up to 18 square meters, receiving large-area light sources and converting them. Depending on the location, an average of about 6,200 kWh of electricity per year can be used to fully meet the average electricity consumption of a Hawaiian family for one year, which is basically enough for everyday use. Smartflower automatically unfolds the solar panel with the sunrise, automatically fold the protection at night, and at the same time helps to remove dust, snow, etc. by folding and unfolding its own fan, maintaining the panel function and maintaining the conversion ability. Smartflower also has self-protection capabilities. During operation, the built-in sensor continuously monitors the wind speed. Above 34 mph wind speed, the fan surface is automatically folded to a safe position to avoid damage; if the wind speed is further increased to 39 mph, it is completely folded, and when the wind is detected to decrease, it is again deployed back to work. Another major advantage over traditional rooftop power generation systems is that they are easy to install. There is no need to have a professional installation on the roof, just by attaching the base anchor to the floor.Thus, with the nature that the fan can be folded, the Smartflower is very portable, and can be moved away even if moving, without complicated installation and disassembly. By this nature, the team also put forward other ideas for the application of Smartflower, such as the provisional outdoor power generation needs as an outdoor temporary power plant when needed. At the same time, compared to other generators, such as diesel generators, it does not generate excessive noise, harmful smoke, and does not need to continuously purchase and transport diesel, but 100% clean and environmentally friendly power supply. It can even extend its use to commercial or utility potential as a source of electric bicycles and automotive power.

At the beginning of 2019, all those concerned about the development of the photovoltaic industry are waiting for the introduction of policies. Last week, the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration issued the "Notice on Actively Promoting Non-subsidized Internet Access for Wind Power and Photovoltaic Power Generation" (hereinafter referred to as the "Notice"), announcing that photovoltaic power generation will officially enter the era of affordable Internet access. It is conceivable that the cost of photovoltaic power generation will continue to decline in the next few years, directly forming a strong competitiveness for traditional coal-fired power, and even no longer rely on policies, but gradually phasing out coal-fired power in the electricity market through its own energy value. So for the photovoltaic industry, 2019 is bound to be an important node. At the same time, there are challenges brought by cheap Internet access, and there is pressure from no subsidies. The future potential of photovoltaic power generation is undeniable, but for current PV companies, they may be most concerned about: the era of subsidies, and how big is the PV industry cake? Unsubsidized Projects Will Become Mainstream Through the Notice, we can probably understand that there will be the following trends in 2019: 1. As a [non-subsidized first year", there will be a large number of unsubsidized projects in 2019, which will become the backbone of new installations. 2. The [non-technical costs" represented by land taxes and fees are expected to decline, clearing the way for cheap Internet access. 3. Unsubsidized projects will be able to increase revenue through market-based transactions and sales of green certificates. The reason why 2019 will open a new era is that before 2019, most new PV projects require state subsidies. After 2019, most new PV projects will no longer require state subsidies. From relying on subsidies to relying on its own value, photovoltaic power generation will begin its most important transformation in 2019. It`s A Foregone Conclusion to Say Goodbye to Subsidies. Up to now, the coming of affordable Internet access has become a consensus. But does the arrival of affordable Internet access mean that PV subsidies are all gone? the answer is negative. In the official interpretation of the Notice, the National Energy Administration said that the current non-subsidized parity (low-cost) Internet project is mainly carried out in areas with superior resource conditions and guaranteed market access. At the same time, in areas where it is still unable to achieve unsubsidized affordable Internet access, it will continue to organize construction in accordance with the policies and management requirements of the competitive allocation project issued by the National Energy Administration, but these projects will also significantly reduce electricity prices through competition to reduce electricity. Subsidy intensity. That is to say, only some regions are currently eligible to achieve parity online access. For those regions that temporarily unfunded unsubsidized projects, the National Energy Administration will still consider subsidies. However, as far as the current industry situation is concerned, the existence of this part of the subsidy will gradually decline until it disappears completely in the next few years. Overall, although the PV subsidy is declining, it is still not fully retired. In any case, photovoltaic power is getting closer and closer to the time to completely bid farewell to subsidies. On the other hand, it may also be the most important aspect. The arrears of photovoltaic subsidies have been at stake, and the current primary goal is to control the output of subsidies to alleviate the problem of subsidy arrears. With reference to the release of the [531" policy, in order to control the total output of subsidies, the scale of projects that can receive state subsidies in the future will only be less and less. The Size of the "Cake" Will be Determined by It At present, despite the baptism of the [531" policy, the installed capacity of photovoltaics in 2018 will reach 40GW, which is still a figure exceeding expectations. Perhaps many people will be curious. How much will PV new installations reach in 2019, when it is officially entering the era of affordable Internet access? 30GW? 40GW? In other words, how big is the PV market cake in 2019? This seems to be a problem that no one can assert. Different from previous years, the category of photovoltaic power generation projects will change greatly in 2019. It is not important whether a project in the future is a distributed project or a centralized power station. What is important is whether the project has subsidies. In 2019, there will be two categories of unsubsidized projects and subsidized projects. The size of the PV market in 2019 depends on the scale of unsubsidized projects and subsidized projects. Due to problems such as subsidy arrears and the process of parity online, the scale of subsidized projects will become smaller and smaller. Because the subsidy arrears can only be solved when the scale of subsidized projects is getting smaller and smaller; only when there are fewer subsidized projects, the nationwide parity online can be achieved step by step. Even in order to promote unsubsidized projects, the scale of subsidized projects must also be reduced. Although unsubsidized projects will be promoted the most, the non-technical costs of unsubsidized projects are expected to be reduced, but the yield of unsubsidized projects remains a problem relative to subsidized projects. Therefore, PV companies will be more inclined to seek subsidized projects if they have a choice. The reduction in the scale of subsidized projects will intensify competition in the industry, and eventually only a few companies with subsidized projects will be available. Most companies that do not have subsidized projects have no choice but to switch to non-subsidized projects. Only by allowing most enterprises to lay out unsubsidized projects can we mobilize the enthusiasm of enterprises and promote the development of unsubsidized projects. This is also the relationship between the reduction in the size of subsidized projects and the promotion of unsubsidized projects. In summary, under the current market environment, the scale of subsidized projects must decline. Therefore, the size of the PV market in 2019 is large, and only the promotion of non-subsidized projects can be seen. How much will the scale of unsubsidized projects in 2019 be achieved? The author believes that this mainly depends on the rate of return of unsubsidized projects. Although the newly issued "Notice" has made demands on local governments, power grids, and banks, it is trying to break through all the blockages on the Internet. If the "Notice" can be implemented and implemented perfectly, then the subsidy-free project is promising. The scale of the PV market in 2019 will still be large; but the reality is bone-like. If the "Notice" is not effective, some policies are not implemented, then no The benefits of subsidized projects will be low and will eventually be difficult to advance. In general, the PV market in 2019 can only count on the scale of unsubsidized projects, but the size of unsubsidized projects needs to see whether the newly issued Notice has been implemented. So how big is the cake in 2019, do you have a score in your heart?

While the design of nature is exquisite, we can not deny that there are still many places worth improving. Recently, biologists have increased the content of biomass in tobacco plants by 40 % by compensating for basic defects in photosynthesis. At present, the research team is working hard to start with cowpeas and soybeans, and apply this result to increase grain production. Amanda Cavanagh, a member of the study at the University of Illinois at Urbana, said: "Our research funding agency hopes to extend this technology to poor areas of the world. " Life is mainly composed of proteins, and proteins are folded by carbon chains. Plants synthesize these carbon chains mainly by obtaining carbon dioxide from the air. This is what we know about photosynthesis. However, even if nature's magic, master of all things, there are still some minor mistakes. When plants capture carbon dioxide in the air and convert it into carbon in the carbon chain, they sometimes mistakenly capture oxygen molecules. At this time, toxic substances are produced, and the plant has to spend energy to eliminate these toxic substances. This small flaw is considered one of the biggest mistakes in evolutionary history. The reason for this defect is that at the beginning of the evolution of photosynthesis, the oxygen on Earth was very thin. With the decrease of carbon dioxide concentration on the earth and the increase of oxygen concentration, plants often mistakenly inhale oxygen for photosynthesis. This process is called "photorespiration". Because of its increasing frequency, photosynthesis efficiency will be reduced. 50 %. Some survival plants have evolved their own remedies, concentrating the carbon dioxide they absorb in the body to reduce the chance of false oxygen absorption. However, most plants, including almost all vegetables, fruits, and major food crops such as wheat, rice and soybeans, can not do this. Scientists have spent decades hoping to solve this problem. Cavanagh and his team designed three new pathways to deal with toxic by-products produced by photorespiration in an attempt to solve the problem by changing the process of photosynthesis. Tobacco, as a plant with a relatively short life cycle that is easy to modify genetic genes, was first applied to experiments. It was found that the best plant biomass could increase by 40 % compared to tobacco in two experimental fields. Earlier, in 2016, another research team increased the biomass of tobacco by 15 % by improving the ability of plants to cope with changing light conditions. The Cavanagh team hopes to combine the two results to produce a superimposed benefit. Of course, the optimization of basic photosynthesis is also faced with certain risks. Some people worry that artificial modification of plant characteristics will have difficult consequences for the ecological environment. In theory, plants that transform wild plants or cross with wild plants are more competitive. But Maureen Hanson, a plant geneticist at Cornell University, said: "Even if this property spreads out of the farm, it is unlikely to have a serious impact. Let's just say that the traditional agriculture carried out by humans has actually disrupted the original ecological environment. This new feature will not produce more effects than traditional agriculture. " Andreas Weber of the Institute of Plant Biochemistry in Dusseldorf, Germany, said that the growth of wild plants is limited by the supply of Yushui, nitrogen and phosphorus, rather than photosynthesis. Therefore, this characteristic does not increase the natural selection advantage of plants even if it flows to the wild. Beyond that, we must balance risk against benefit. At present, most improved crops have brought little increase in output. However, such research needs to be promoted to adapt to the growth of the world's population, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions through bioenergy, leaving room for wildlife survival. Even if the defects of photosynthesis are remedied, the photo-energy conversion efficiency of photosynthesis of plants is still far less than that of solar panels, so scientists are currently trying to develop artificial photosynthesis patterns.

In recent years, China's new energy industry has developed rapidly, especially solar power. The rise of the photovoltaic industry has made solar power generation a household name. In fact, in addition to photovoltaic power generation, there is another emerging form of solar power generation that is brewing out. It is – solar thermal power generation. On December 28th, the first 100MW thermal power station in China with 24 hours of continuous power generation was connected to the grid for power generation in Gansu. According to regulations, this project can obtain the national electricity price policy of 1.15 yuan / KWh. Driven by state support, the project has also won several world records and achieved remarkable achievements in the field of solar thermal power generation in the world. Looking at the entire solar thermal market, with the support of the country's policy support and the energy revolution, in the next few years, light and heat will be expected to become the hot spot for detonating the solar power industry in addition to photovoltaics. The photothermal industry is supported by national policies While the photovoltaic industry is still looking forward to the introduction of new policies, the solar thermal industry is beginning to enjoy the benefits brought by the policy. On December 28, 2018, the first batch of CSP demonstration projects in Dunhuang, the first batch of CSP demonstration projects built by the first flight energy conservation investment, were successfully connected to the grid for power generation. According to the previous National Energy Administration's requirements for the grid connection time of the first batch of demonstration projects, the project will enjoy the electricity price policy of 1.15 yuan / kWh. According to reports, the project covers an area of 7.8 square kilometers. It is the molten salt tower type photothermal power station with the largest scale and the highest heat absorption tower in China. The mirror field of the power station is composed of more than 12,000 surface heliostats. It is concentrically surrounded by a 260-meter-high heat absorption tower. The total reflection area of the mirror field is more than 1.4 million square meters. It is the largest megawatt in the world. Tower type photothermal power station. According to the introduction of the first flight energy saving, the project is equipped with an 11-hour molten salt heat storage system, which can generate 390 million kWh per year. The preliminary calculation is roughly equivalent to the 220KWh photovoltaic power station in the same area. In addition, it is estimated that after the grid-connected operation of the power station is fully completed, it will generate more than 400 million yuan in generating revenue. The completion of this large-scale solar thermal power station is of great significance to the domestic solar power generation industry. It not only marks China as one of the few countries in the world to master the technology of 100 megawatt-scale solar thermal power station, but also lays a good start for the domestic solar thermal industry. The new blue sea emerged in the solar thermal market Since the beginning of this year, many large-scale solar thermal demonstration projects have been launched, and the road of exploration and development is gradually broadening. After the 100 MW solar thermal power station connected to the grid, followed by December 30, Qinghai Zhongkong Solar Delingha 50MW tower molten salt energy storage thermal power station was also successfully connected to the grid. In addition, in October this year, China Guangdong Nuclear Power Delingha 50MW trough light and heat demonstration project was completed. According to preliminary statistics, in 2018, 13 commercial power stations in China have carried out substantial construction, with a total installed capacity of 750MW. Not only that, but as the domestic market is gradually recognized, China's PV companies are still pre-arranged overseas. At present, the largest EPC project in the world – the EPC general contractor of the 700MW solar thermal power station in Dubai is the well-known Chinese company Shanghai Electric. In addition to this, there are also many Chinese companies in the construction of large-scale CSP stations in South Africa and Morocco. Simultaneous advancement at home and abroad means that China's solar thermal technology is basically mature and has the ability to build large power plants. In addition, according to the "Guiding Opinions on Improving the Regulating Capability of Power Systems" issued by the National Energy Administration in March this year, during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, China's CSP installed capacity will strive to reach 5 million kilowatts, which will bring 100 billion yuan to the industry. The above market increase. Various signals indicate that precursors to the outbreak of the solar thermal market have emerged. In the next few years, the promotion of CSP will lead to a new revolution in the new energy industry. Under the huge market opportunities, PV people in the optimal position will usher in more development space.

Date: Jan 07 2019 2019 Spring Festival Holiday Notice Please be informed that our office will be closed from 26th/January/2019 to 13th/February/2019 due to the Spring Festival. We will reopen for regular business hours on Thursday 14th/February/2019. We seek your kind cooperation and apologize for any inconvenience caused. Thank you Guangzhou City Poojin Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.

Solar PV system is a new type of power generation system. It uses the photovoltaic effect of solar cell semiconductor materials to convert sunlight radiation directly into electrical energy. There are two ways to operate independently and in conjunction with the network. The independent operation of the photovoltaic system requires batteries as energy storage devices, mainly used in remote areas without power grids and dispersed areas. The cost of the entire system is high; In areas with public grids, photovoltaic systems are connected to and connected to the grid, eliminating batteries, which not only greatly reduces costs, but also has higher power generation efficiency and better environmental performance. According to the in-depth research and development trend analysis report released by China Industrial Research Network 2018-2025, solar power generation is divided into photothermal power generation and photovoltaic power generation. Solar power generation is often referred to as solar photovoltaic power generation and is called "photoelectricity." Photovoltaics technology is a technology that uses the photoelectric effect of a semiconductor interface to directly convert light energy into electrical energy. The key component of this technology is solar cells. Solar cells can be packaged and protected in series to form a large area of solar cell components, which are then combined with power controllers and other components to form photovoltaic power plants. It is projected that solar photovoltaic power will occupy an important position in world energy consumption in the 21st century, not only replacing some conventional energy sources, but also becoming the main source of energy supply in the world. It is expected that renewable energy will account for more than 30 per cent of the total energy mix, while solar photovoltaic will account for more than 10 per cent of the world's total electricity supply; By the year **, renewable energy will account for more than 50 per cent of total energy consumption and solar photovoltaic will account for more than 20 per cent of total electricity; By the end of the 21st century, renewable energy will account for more than 80 % of the energy structure and solar energy will account for more than 60 %. These figures are sufficient proof of the prospects for the development of the solar photovoltaic industry and its important strategic position in the field of energy.

The living standards of today's people have reached a new level. Coupled with the strong advocacy of new energy by the state, solar energy as a new energy source has gradually become accepted by people. How do you understand the parameters when choosing a solar controller? Let's start with a manual from our company. Model PJRC5I PJRC10I PJRC15I PJRC20I Rated Charging Current 5A 10A 15A 20A Rated Load Current 5A 10A 15A 20A System Voltage □12V; □24V/12V AUTO; Overloading, Short Circuit Protection 1.25X Rated Current 60 SEC. 1.5 X Rated Current 5 SEC Overload protection action. ≥3Times Rated Current Short Circuit Protection Action Unloaded Losses ≤6 mA Charge Loop Pressure Drop Not More Than 0.26 V Discharge Circuit Pressure Drop Not More Than 0.15 V Overpressure Protection 17V,×2/24V; Operating Temperature Industrial Level: -35 °C to +55 °C(Suffix I); Increase Charging Voltage 12.6V;× 2/24V; (Maintenance Time: 10 min)(Only If Discharge Occurs) Direct Charge Voltage 12.4V; ×2/24V; (Maintenance time: 10 min) Floating 13.6V; ×2/24V;((Maintenance Time: Until the Charging Return Voltage is Reduced) Charge Back Voltage 13.2v; ×2/24V; Temperature Compensation -5mv/℃/2V(Increase, Charge, Charge, Charge Return Voltage Compensation); Low Voltage 12.0V; ×2/24V; Over Voltage 11.1V-Discharge Rate Compensation for Corrected Initial Overdischarge Voltage(Empty Load Voltage); × 2/24V; Overload to Return Voltage 12.6V;×2/24V; Control Mode Charge to PWM Pulse Width Modulation Rated charging current: when the solar panel charges the battery, the standard charging current, the actual charging current is allowed to be slightly larger than the standard charging current, but not much larger. Rated load current: When the load is working, the recommended standard current for the load loop is preferably not to exceed this value so as not to burn the controller. System Voltage: The standard working voltage recommended by the solar controller refers to the standard voltage of your battery and solar panel, and the standard voltage of the two must be the same. Of course, the actual operating voltage will work as long as it is within a certain range. "12V; #24 V/12 V AUTO; "What does it mean? "#12V" refers to the 12V system; " #24V/12V AUTO" refers to the general controller that is automatically recognized by 12V and 24V. Overloading and short-circuit protection: "1.25 times the rated current for 60 seconds" means that when the load current exceeds 1.25 times the standard for 60 seconds, short-circuit protection will be performed; "Overloading protection action when 1.5 times the rated current is 5 seconds" refers to short-circuit protection when the load current exceeds 1.5 times the standard for 5 seconds; "≥ 3 times rated current short circuit protection action" refers to the immediate short circuit protection when the load current exceeds 3 times the standard. Unloaded loss: refers to the current lost by the solar controller itself when the load is closed or there is no load. Charging circuit voltage drop: difference between the voltage of the solar panel port and the voltage of the battery port when the battery is charged by the panel. Discharge loop voltage drop: difference between battery port voltage and load output port voltage when load is working. Overpressure protection: When the voltage on the solar panel or battery exceeds this value, the solar controller stops working. Working temperature: Industrial grade, which refers to compliance with a working temperature of equipment used in industry. Increase charging voltage: When the battery is over-discharged, the solar controller will first charge the battery by increasing the charge. At this time, the charging voltage is the value, and the charging mode will remain 10 minutes later. Enter the next charging mode(direct charging mode). "14.6 V; × 2/24V; "It means that when the solar controller works in a 12V system, the charging voltage is 14.6 V; When 24V, IE × 2. Direct charging voltage: When the solar panel charges the battery, it is first charged by this charging method(if the battery appears to be overcharged, the first is to increase the charge), and the charging voltage is this value. It will also stay in the next charging mode after 10 minutes(floating charging mode). Floating: When the battery voltage is higher than 13.2 V, the solar panel will charge the battery in this way when charging the battery. The charging voltage is this value, and the charging time is until the battery voltage is lower than 13.2 V due to its own loss or discharge. No more charging in that way. Charging Back Voltage: Value for determining whether a charging mode is carried out. Temperature compensation: Since the internal resistance of the battery is different at different temperatures, when the temperature is higher, the internal resistance is smaller. At this time, if the charging voltage is unchanged, the charging voltage is higher than the battery, which will affect the battery life. The lower the temperature, the higher the internal resistance, the lower the charging voltage relative to the battery, which will affect the charging effect. At this time, the corresponding charging voltage should also be adjusted, and the adjustment standard is this value. " -5 MV / °C / 2V" refers to 2V per degree, a decrease of 5mV. Supplement: General batteries are composed of very small battery blocks in series, each with a voltage of 2V and 12 V with 6 batteries. For example, when the 12V battery is operating at 10 °C lower than normal temperature(25 °C), the voltage adjustment value of the solar controller is(-5 mV / °C / 2V × 10 °C × 12V) = -300 mV, IE, the voltage is reduced by 0.3 V. Low voltage: When the system voltage is below this value, the solar controller will have a corresponding reminder that the voltage is low, but it can still work. Over-voltage: The solar controller will stop working when the system voltage is below this value. Over-release return voltage: When the system is over-released(refer to overrelease voltage), the system voltage must reach this value before the solar controller will work. Control method: The control method here refers to the way in which the charging current is formed, namely, the plus-wise mode.

A relatively new method for optimizing the efficiency and reliability of solar systems is the use of micro-inverters connected to each individual solar panel. Each solar panel is equipped with its own micro-inverter, allowing the system to adapt to its changing load and air environment, thus providing optimal conversion efficiency for individual solar panels and the entire system. The micro-inverter architecture also implements simpler wiring, thus achieving lower installation costs. By improving the efficiency of the user's solar system, the initial technical investment return time of the system can be shortened. Figure 1. The traditional power converter architecture includes a solar inverter that receives a low DC output voltage from a PV array and then generates AC line pressure. Power inverter is a key electronic component in solar power generation system. In some commercial applications, these components are connected to photovoltaic(PV) panels, batteries that store charges, and local distribution systems or public grids. Figure 1 shows a typical solar inverter that obtains a very low voltage from the PV array DC output and then converts it into a certain combination of DC battery voltage, AC line voltage and distribution grid voltage. In a typical solar energy collection system, multiple solar panels are connected in parallel to a single inverter, which converts the variable DC output of multiple PV units into a clean sinusoidal curve 50-Hz or 60-Hz voltage source. In addition, it should be noted that the microcontroller(MCU) module, TMS320C2000 or MSP 430 microcontroller in Figure 1 generally includes key on-chip peripherals such as pulse width modulation(PWM) modules and A/D converters. The main design goal is to maximize conversion efficiency. This is a complex, iterative process involving algorithms(maximum power point tracking algorithm, MPPT) and real-time controllers that perform these algorithms. Maximize power conversion Inverters that do not use MPPT algorithms simply connect modules directly to the battery, forcing them to work at battery voltage. Almost without exception, the battery voltage is not the ideal value to maximize the availability of solar energy. Figure 2. Compared to the 53W of non-MPPT systems, the maximum power point tracking(MPPT) algorithm implements 75WPV output. Figure 2 describes the traditional current / voltage characteristics of a typical 75W module and 25 °C battery temperature. The dotted line represents the relationship between voltage(PV volts) and power(PV watts). The solid line represents the relationship between voltage and current(PV ampere). As shown in Figure 2, the output power is about 53W under the 12V condition. In other words, after the forced PV module is operated under 12V, the power is limited to about 53W. After the implementation of the MPPT algorithm, the situation is very different. In this example, the voltage at which the module reaches maximum power is 17V. Therefore, the role of the MPPT algorithm is to make the module work at a 17V voltage, thus obtaining a full 75W power, which has nothing to do with the battery voltage. The efficient DC/DC power converter converts the 17V module voltage at the input end of the controller into the battery voltage at the output end. Since the DC/DC converter gradually reduces the 17V voltage to 12V, the battery charging current of the MPPT system in this example is: (VMODULE / VBATTERY) × IMODULE or(17V/12V) × 4.45 A = 6.30 A. Assuming that the DC/DC converter has a 100 % conversion efficiency, the 1.85 A charging current increases, which can reach 42 %. Although this example assumes that the inverter is processing energy from a single solar panel, traditional systems generally have many solar panels connected to a single inverter. This topology has many advantages and some disadvantages, depending on the application. MPPT algorithm There are three main MPPT algorithms: perturbation observation method, conductivity increment method and constant voltage method. The first two methods are often referred to as the "climbing" method because they take advantage of the fact that the MPP left curve continues to rise(dP/dV & amp; Gt; 0) And the right curve of MPP continues to decline(dP/dV & amp; Lt; 0). Disturbance observation method(P& O) The most common. The algorithm perturbation the working voltage in a specific direction and then sampling the dP/dV. If dP/dV is positive, the algorithm knows that it adjusts the voltage in the direction of MPP. Then, continue to adjust the voltage in that direction until dP/dV is negative. P& The O algorithm is easy to implement, but sometimes they cause oscillations around the MPP that runs in a stable state. In addition, under rapidly changing air conditions, they have a longer response time and even track in the wrong direction. The conductivity increment(INC) method uses the PV array's incremental conductivity dI/dV to calculate the dP/dV symbol. Compared to P& O, INC quickly tracks the changing lighting conditions more accurately. However, with P& O is the same, it will produce oscillations, and will become confused under the influence of rapidly changing air conditions. Another disadvantage is that its high complexity increases the calculation time and reduces the sampling frequency. The third method is the constant voltage method, which uses the fact that in general, the ratio of VMPP/VOC is approximately equal to 0.76. The problem with this method is that it requires that the PV array current be set immediately to 0 to measure the open circuit voltage of the array. In this way, the operating voltage of the array is set to 76 % of this measurement. However, during this period, the array was disconnected and efficient energy was wasted. At the same time, it was also found that the 76 % circuit voltage is a very close value, but it is not always consistent with MPP. Since there is no MPPT algorithm that can successfully meet the requirements of all commonly used scenarios, many designers will take some detours. They will evaluate the environmental conditions of the system and select the best algorithm. In fact, there are many MPPT algorithms that can be used, and it is also common for solar panel manufacturers to provide their own algorithms. For some cheap controllers, executing MPPT algorithms can be a difficult task to complete. Because, in addition to the normal control function of MCU, the algorithm also requires these controllers to have high-performance computing power. Advanced 32-bit real-time microcontrollers(for example, some microcontrollers in the TI C2000 platform) are suitable for many solar energy applications. Power inverter The use of a single inverter has many advantages, the most prominent of which are simplicity and low cost. Using MPPT algorithm and other technologies can improve the efficiency of a single inverter system, but only to a certain extent. The decreasing trend of single inverter topology is obvious, but it depends on the application. The most important concern is reliability: if an inverter fails, it will lose all the energy generated by the solar panel until the inverter is repaired or replaced. Even when it is running perfectly, the topology of a single inverter will have a negative impact on system efficiency. In most cases, each solar panel has different requirements for maximum efficiency control. Some of the factors that determine the efficiency of each solar panel include the manufacturing difference of its PV unit, the difference in ambient temperature, and the different degrees of light(the original energy received from the sun) brought by the sun's shadow and direction. The overall system conversion efficiency can be further improved by installing a micro-inverter for each individual solar panel instead of using a single inverter for the entire system. The main benefit of the micro-inverter topology is that energy is continuously converted even in the case of an inverter failure. Other benefits of the micro-inverter method include the use of high-precision PWM to adjust the conversion parameters of each solar panel. Since clouds, shadows, and shelters all change the output of individual solar panels, installing micro-inverters for each solar panel allows the system to adapt to changing loads. Doing so can provide the best conversion efficiency for a single solar panel and the entire system. The micro-inverter architecture requires a dedicated MCU so that each solar panel can manage energy conversion. However, these additional MCUs can also be used to improve system and solar panel monitoring capabilities. For example, large solar-panel power plants benefit from inter-panel communications, which help to maintain load balance and allow system administrators to plan ahead of available solar energy -- and what should be done. However, to take advantage of these benefits of system monitoring, MCU must integrate on-chip communication peripherals(CAN, SPI, UART, etc.) to simplify the connection with other micro-inverters in the solar array. In many applications, using a miniature inverter topology can greatly improve the overall system efficiency. At the solar panel level, it is expected to achieve a 30 % increase in efficiency. However, due to the large differences in applications, the "average" system-level promotion percentage does not make much sense. Applied analysis Several aspects of the topology should be considered when assessing the value of a microinverter for an application. In some small installations, solar panels may receive almost the same light, temperature, and shadow conditions. In this way, micro-inverters may have only a small efficiency advantage. Making solar panels work at different voltages to maximize the efficiency of each solar panel requires that each output voltage be standardized as a battery voltage through a DC/DC converter. To minimize manufacturing costs, the DC/DC converter and inverter are integrated into a single module. DC/AC converters used for local line power supplies or access to distribution networks will also be an integral part of this module. Solar panels must communicate with each other, increasing wiring and complexity. This is another controversy in creating a module that includes both an inverter, a DC/DC converter, and a solar panel. The MCU function of each inverter must still be strong enough to run multiple MPPT algorithms to accommodate different working conditions. Having multiple MCUs will increase the total system material inventory cost. Cost is a problem when considering structural changes. To meet the system cost goal, installing a controller for each solar panel means that the chip must have competitive costs, have a relatively small size, and still be able to handle all control, communication, and calculation tasks at the same time. The control of peripheral devices and the height simulation integration are the basic factors to maintain the low cost of the system. High-performance algorithms are also critical and are developed for the efficiency optimization of each step of optimization conversion, system monitoring, and storage processes. By selecting a MCU that can meet most of the overall system requirements, the high cost of using multiple MCUs can be reduced. In addition to some of the requirements of the micro-inverter itself, these requirements include AC/DC conversion, DC/DC conversion, and communication between solar panels. MCU characteristics Careful study of these advanced requirements is the best way to determine what functionality MCU needs. For example, when solar panels are connected in parallel, load balancing control is required. MCU must be able to detect the load current and then increase or decrease the output voltage by turning off the output MOSFET. This requires a fast chip on the ADC to sample the voltage and current. There is no "cookie mold"(Universal) design for micro-inverters. This means that designers must use their ingenuity and innovate to find new techniques and methods, especially in inter-panel and inter-system communications. The selected MCU should support various protocols, including some special protocols such as Power Line Communications(PLC) and Controller LAN(CAN). In particular, power line communications can reduce system costs by removing dedicated lines for communications. However, this requires high-performance PWM features, fast ADC, and high-performance CPUs integrated into the MCU. One of the unexpected but high-value features of a dedicated MCU for solar inverter applications is a two-chip on-chip oscillator that can be used to enhance reliability clock fault detection. The ability to run two system clocks at the same time also helps to reduce problems during solar panel installation. Since the design of solar micro-inverters is destined to have so many innovations, perhaps the most important feature for MCU is software programmability. This feature provides maximum flexibility for power circuit design and control. Due to the existence of an advanced digital computing kernel that can effectively process algorithm calculations and some on-chip peripheral devices that are controlled by power conversion, the C2000 microcontroller has been widely used in many traditional solar panel inverter topologies. A more low-cost option is the Piccolo series C2000 microcontroller. It has a package size of at least 38 pins, functional architecture improvements, and enhanced peripherals to bring 32-bit real-time control advantages to applications such as micro-inverters that require lower total system costs. Figure 3. The MCU system configuration of the PV system based on micro-inverters includes CPU, memory, power supply and clocks, and some peripherals. In addition, various products of the Piccolo MCU series integrate two-chip 10-MHz oscillators for clock comparison, on-chip VREG with on-voltage reset function and breakdown protection, multiple high-precision 150-ps PWM, and a 12-bit. And 4.6 megabytes sample/second ADC, And some interfaces for I2C(PMBus), CAN, SPI, and UART communication protocols. Figure 3 shows a computer system configuration that works with a PV system based on a micro-inverter. For micro-inverters, performance is a key feature. Although Piccolo devices are cheaper and have a smaller size than other C2000 MCU products, this device has many improvements. For example, the programmable floating-point control law accelerator(CLA) design aims to relieve complex high-speed control algorithms. This allows the CPU to allocate resources for processing I/O and feedback loop indicator measurement, thus achieving up to 5 times performance improvement in some closed-loop applications. PV challenge One of the disadvantages of solar power systems is conversion efficiency. Solar panels collect an average power of about 1mW per 100-mm2PV unit. The general efficiency is about 10 %. The power generation utilization rate of PV sources(ie, the ratio of the average generation power to the power generated when the sun is always exposed) is approximately 15 % to 20 %. There are many reasons for this result, including the variability of the sun itself, that is, it disappears completely at night, and it is usually weakened by shadows and weather conditions during the day. PV conversion introduces more variables into the efficiency equation, including solar panel temperature and its theoretical peak efficiency. Another problem for design engineers is that PV units produce about 0.5 V of irregular voltage changes. When choosing a power conversion topology, this change will have a serious impact. For example, poor power conversion technology implementation may consume a large amount of collected PV electricity. To accommodate the fact that the sun is not shining 24 hours a day, solar systems include batteries and complex electronic components needed to charge them efficiently. After the battery is integrated into the system, an additional DC/DC conversion must be added to the battery charge, while battery management and monitoring are also required. Many solar systems are also connected to the grid, requiring phase synchronization and power factor correction. In addition, there are several situations that require the use of complex controls. For example, built-in fault forecasting is necessary to prevent incidents such as power restrictions and power outages in the public grid. These are just some of the important issues that design engineers have to consider.

Working principles and characteristics Working principles: The core of the inverter device is the inverter switch circuit, abbreviated as the inverter circuit. The circuit performs the function of inversion by turning on and off the electric electronic switch. Features: (1) Greater efficiency is required. Due to the current high price of solar cells, in order to maximize the use of solar cells and improve system efficiency, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of inverters. (2) High reliability is required. At present, photovoltaic power station systems are mainly used in remote areas, and many power stations are unattended and maintained. This requires that inverters have a reasonable circuit structure, strict screening of components, and require inverters to have various protection functions. Such as: input DC polar reverse protection, AC output short circuit protection, overheating, overload protection and so on. (3) The input voltage is required to have a wider range of adaptation. As the end voltage of the solar cell varies with the load and sunshine intensity. In particular, when the battery is aging, the voltage at the end of the battery varies widely. For example, a 12V battery may have a voltage change between 10V and 16V. This requires the inverter to work normally within a larger DC input voltage range. PV Inverter Classification There are many methods for the classification of inverters. For example, according to the number of phases of the inverter output AC voltage, it can be divided into single-phase inverters and three-phase inverters; According to the different types of semiconductor devices used in inverters, they can be divided into transistor inverters, thyristor inverters, and shut-off thyristor inverters. According to the different circuit principles of the inverter, it can also be divided into self-excited oscillating inverter, stepped wave superposition inverter and pulse width modulation inverter. According to the application in the grid-connected system or off-grid system, it can be divided into grid-connected inverters and off-grid inverters. In order to facilitate the optoelectronic users to choose inverters, this article only classifies the inverters in different situations. 1. centralized inverter Centralized inverter technology is a series of parallel photovoltaic clusters connected to the DC input of the same centralized inverter. Generally, large power uses three-phase IGBT power modules, and smaller power uses Field-effect transistors. At the same time, DSP conversion controller is used to improve the quality of the generated electrical energy, making it very close to the sine wave current, and is generally used in large photovoltaic power stations(& amp; Gt; 10kW) in the system. The biggest feature is the high power and low cost of the system, but due to the fact that the output voltage and current of different PV clusters are often not fully matched(especially when the PV clusters are partially blocked due to cloudy, shady, stained, etc.). The use of centralized inversion will lead to a reduction in the efficiency of the inversion process and a decrease in the power generation. At the same time, the power generation reliability of the whole photovoltaic system is affected by the poor working state of a certain photovoltaic unit group. The latest research direction is to use the modulation control of the space vector and develop the topological connection of the new inverter to obtain high efficiency under partial load. 2. group inverter The cluster inverter is based on the concept of modularization. Each PV cluster(1-5 kW) has a maximum power peak tracking at the DC end through an inverter, and is connected in parallel at the AC end. It has become the most popular inverter in the international market.. Many large photovoltaic power plants use cluster inverters. The advantage is that it is not affected by the difference and shading of the inter-cluster modules, and at the same time it reduces the mismatch between the optimal work point of the photovoltaic component and the inverter, thus increasing the power generation. These technical advantages not only reduce the system cost, but also increase the reliability of the system. At the same time, draw people between groups &; Quot; Master-from &; Quot; The concept allows the system to connect several groups of photovoltaic cells together when a single string of electrical energy can not make a single inverter work, allowing one or more of them to work, thereby generating more electrical energy. The latest concept is that several inverters form one another. Quot; Team &; Quot; To replace &; Quot; Master-from &; Quot; The concept of the system makes the reliability of the system a step further. At present, non-transformer series inverter has taken the dominant position. 3. micro-inverter In the traditional PV system, the DC input of each string inverter will be connected in series by about 10 photovoltaic panels. If one of the 10 series panels does not work well, this string will be affected. If the inverter multiplex input uses the same MPPT, then all the inputs will also be affected, greatly reducing the power generation efficiency. In practical applications, clouds, trees, chimneys, animals, dust, ice and other blocking factors all cause these factors. The situation is very common. In the PV system of the micro-inverter, each panel is connected to a micro-inverter. When one piece of the panel does not work well, only this piece will be affected. Other photovoltaic panels will operate at optimal operating conditions, making the system more efficient and generating more electricity. In practical applications, if a cluster inverter fails, it will cause thousands of watts of panels to fail to function, and the impact of the micro-inverter failure is quite small. 4. power Optimizer The installation of an OptimizER in a solar power generation system can greatly increase the conversion efficiency and reduce the cost of inverter functionality. In order to realize intelligent solar power generation system, the power Optimizer of the device can ensure that each solar cell can perform the best performance and monitor the battery depletion status at all times. The power Optimizer is a device between the power generation system and the inverter. The main task is to replace the original power point tracking function of the inverter. The power Optimizer uses an analogy to perform extremely fast optimal power point tracking scans by simplifying the line and a single solar cell corresponding to a power Optimizer, so that each solar cell can actually achieve the best power point tracking. In addition, It can also monitor the battery status at any time and place with a communication chip, and immediately report the problem so that relevant personnel can repair it as soon as possible. Functions of PV Inverters Inverters not only have the function of direct AC transformation, but also have the function of maximizing solar battery performance and system failure protection. In summary, there are automatic operation and shutdown functions, maximum power tracking control functions, prevention of individual operation functions(for grid-connected systems), automatic voltage adjustment functions(for grid-connected systems), DC detection functions(grid-connected systems), and DC ground detection functions(grid-connected systems). System). Here is a brief introduction to the automatic operation and shutdown function and the maximum power tracking control function. (1) Automatic operation and downtime After the sunrise in the morning, the solar radiation intensity gradually increases, and the output of the solar battery also increases. When the output power required for the inverter to work is reached, the inverter will automatically begin operation. After entering operation, the inverter will monitor the output of the solar battery assembly at all times. As long as the output power of the solar battery assembly is greater than the output power required for the inverter to work, the inverter will continue to operate; Until sunset, the inverter can operate even on rainy days. When the output of the solar battery component becomes smaller and the inverter output is close to 0, the inverter forms a standby state. (2) Maximum power tracking control function The output of the solar cell assembly varies with the solar radiation intensity and the solar cell assembly's own temperature(chip temperature). In addition, because the solar battery assembly has the characteristic that the voltage decreases with the increase of the current, there is the best working point that can obtain the maximum power. The intensity of solar radiation is changing, and obviously the best place to work is also changing. In contrast to these changes, the operating point of the solar cell assembly is always at the maximum power point, and the system always obtains the maximum power output from the solar cell assembly. This control is the maximum power tracking control. The most important feature of the inverter used in solar power generation systems is that it includes the function of maximum power point tracking(MPPT). Main Technical Indicators of PV Inverters 1. Stability of the output voltage In a photovoltaic system, the electricity emitted by the solar cell is first stored by the battery and then reversed by the inverter into an alternating current of 220V or 380V. However, the battery is affected by its own charge and discharge, and its output voltage varies greatly. For example, a battery with a nominal 12V can have a voltage value between 10.8 and 14.4 V(beyond this range may cause damage to the battery). For a qualified inverter, when the input voltage changes within this range, the change in the steady state output voltage should not exceed Plusmn of the rating; 5 %, and when the load mutates, the output voltage deviation should not exceed ± 10 % of the rating. 2. Waveform distortion of output voltage For sine wave inverters, the maximum waveform distortion(or harmonic content) allowed shall be specified. Usually expressed as the total wave distortion of the output voltage, the value should not exceed 5 %(single phase output allows 0 %). Since the high harmonic current output of the inverter will generate additional losses such as Eddy currents on the sensory load, if the waveform distortion of the inverter is too large, it will lead to serious heating of the load components, which is not conducive to the safety of the electrical equipment and seriously affects the system's operation efficiency. 3. Rated output frequency For loads such as Motors, such as washing machines and refrigerators, due to the optimal frequency of the motor operating point of 50Hz, excessive or low frequency will cause the equipment to heat up, reducing the operating efficiency and service life of the system. Therefore, the output frequency of the inverter should be a relatively stable value, usually 50Hz, and its deviation under normal operating conditions should be in Plusmn; Within L %. 4. Load power factor The ability to characterize inverters with sensitive or capacitive loads. The load power factor of the sine wave inverter is 0.7 to 0.9 and the rating is 0.9. Under the condition of a certain load power, if the power factor of the inverter is low, the capacity of the inverter required will increase. On the one hand, the cost will increase. At the same time, the apparent power of the AC loop of the photovoltaic system will increase, the loop current will increase, and the loss will inevitably increase. System efficiency will also be reduced. 5. Inverter efficiency The efficiency of the inverter refers to the ratio of its output power to the input power under the specified working conditions. In percentage terms, the nominal efficiency of the photovoltaic inverter refers to the pure resistance load and 80 % of the load. The efficiency. Because the total cost of PV system is high, the efficiency of PV inverter should be increased to the maximum, the system cost should be reduced and the cost of PV system should be improved. At present, the standard efficiency of mainstream inverters is between 80 % and 95 %, and the efficiency of low-power inverters is required to be no less than 85 %. In the actual design process of photovoltaic system, we should not only select high-efficiency inverters, but also make the system load work near the optimal efficiency point. 6. Rated output current(or rated output capacity) Represents the rated output current of the inverter within the specified load power factor range. Some inverter products give rated output capacity in VA or kVA. The rated capacity of the inverter is the product of the rated output voltage as the rated output current when the output power factor is 1(ie, pure resistive load). Protection Measures An inverter with excellent performance should also have complete protection functions or measures to deal with various anomalies that occur in the actual use of the inverter, so that the inverter itself and other parts of the system are protected from damage. (1) Inputting undervoltage insurance: When the input voltage is less than 85 % of the rated voltage, the inverter should be protected and displayed. (2) Enter overinsured: Inverters should be protected and displayed when the input voltage is higher than 130 % of the rated voltage. (3) Overcurrent protection: The overcurrent protection of the inverter should ensure that the load is short-circuited or the current exceeds the allowed value in time to protect it from the damage of the surge current. When the operating current exceeds the rated 150 %, the inverter should be automatically protected. (4) Output Short Circuit Insurance The short circuit protection action time of the inverter shall not exceed 0.5 S. (5) Inputting protection: When the input is correct and the negative electrode is connected, the inverter should have protective functions and display. (6) Mine protection: Inverters shall be protected against mines. (7) over temperature protection, etc.. In addition, for inverters without voltage stabilization measures, inverters should also have output overvoltage protection measures to protect the load from overvoltage damage. 8. Starting characteristics Characterize the ability of the inverter with load start and the performance of dynamic operation. Inverters should be guaranteed to start reliably under rated loads. 9. Noise The transformer, filter inductor, electromagnetic switch and fan in power electronic equipment all produce noise. When the inverter is in normal operation, the noise should not exceed 80dB, and the noise of the small inverter should not exceed 65dB. Selecting Skills In the selection of inverter, we should consider having sufficient rated capacity to meet the power requirements of the equipment under maximum load. For an inverter loaded with a single device, the selection of its rated capacity is relatively simple. When the power device is a pure resistive load or a power factor greater than 0.9, the rated capacity of the selected inverter is 1.1 to 1.15 times the power device capacity. At the same time, the inverter should also have the ability to resist tolerance and sensory load impact. For general inductive loads such as Motors, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and high-power pumps, the instantaneous power may be 5 to 6 times its rated power at startup. At this time, the inverter will withstand a large amount of instantaneous surge.. For this type of system, the rated capacity of the inverter should be left with sufficient margin to ensure that the load can be reliably started. A high-performance inverter can start at full load several times without damaging the power device. For the sake of its own security, small inverters sometimes need to use soft start or limited-current start. Installation Attention and Maintenance 1. Before installation, the inverter should be checked for damage during transport. 2. When selecting the installation site, it should be ensured that there is no interference from any other electrical electronic equipment in the surrounding area. 3. Be sure to cover or disconnect the DC side circuit breakers with optically impervious material prior to electrical connection. Exposure to sunlight will generate dangerous voltages in the photovoltaic array. 4. All installation operations must be performed by professional technicians only. 5. The cables used in the PV system must be firmly connected, well insulated and of suitable specifications. Trend of Development For solar power inverters, improving the conversion efficiency of power sources is an eternal issue, but when the efficiency of the system is getting higher and closer to 100 %, further efficiency improvements will be accompanied by low cost performance. Therefore, how to maintain a high efficiency, Maintaining good price competitiveness will be an important issue at present. Compared with the efforts to improve the inverter efficiency, how to improve the efficiency of the entire inverter system is gradually becoming another important topic of solar energy systems. In a solar array, when the shadow of a local area of 2 to 3 % appears, for an inverter with an MPPT function, the system output at this time will even have a power drop of about 20 % when the power output is poor! In order to better adapt to such a situation for a single or partial solar component, using one-to-one MPPT or multiple MPPT control functions is a very effective method. Due to the fact that the inverter system is running in the network, the leakage of the system to the ground will cause serious security problems; In addition, in order to improve the efficiency of the system, most of the solar arrays will be used in tandem with high DC output voltage; For this reason, due to the occurrence of abnormal conditions between electrodes, DC arcs are easily generated. Due to the high DC voltage, it is very difficult to destroy arcs and it is very easy to cause fire. With the widespread adoption of solar energy inverter systems, the security of the system will also be an important part of the inverter technology. In addition, the power system is ushering in the rapid development and popularization of smart grid technology. A large amount of solar energy and other new energy power systems connected to the network, the smart grid system for the stability of new technical challenges. It is necessary for the solar energy inverter system to design the inverter system which can be more quickly, accurately and intelligently compatible with the smart grid. In general, the development of inverter technology is developed with the development of power electronics technology, Microelectronics technology and modern control theory. Over time, the inverse technology is moving toward higher frequency, higher power, higher efficiency, and smaller size.

Today, the world faces four pressing problems: globalization, urbanization, ageing and decarbonization. These four problems have brought a severe test to the electronic industry, but also brought great opportunities. First of all, the overall development trend of the semiconductor industry is to reduce energy consumption with ultra-low power consumption. Secondly, the social problems brought by aging include the higher demand for medical industry, but also bring more challenges to medical electronic products. The new challenges brought by the development of medical electronic products to the semiconductor industry are mainly concentrated on the front-end high-resolution sensors and high-precision digital converters. Thirdly, the process of globalization has brought everyone closer. This change largely depends on the development of communication technology. Modern communication can be said to be endless. The development of electronic communication technology has made a significant contribution to saving the earth's energy. Finally, urbanization has brought about astonishing changes to urban development, as well as severe challenges to the urban traffic system. The electronic industry plays an irreplaceable role in urban traffic system control, and these aspects will become the growth point of the electronic market. Energy will become another hot spot, energy conservation and emission reduction has become one of the main topics in recent years. From the point of view of the development of green and clean energy, whether wind energy or solar energy, whether in Europe, the United States or China, it has developed rapidly. The development of detection and control technology is promoting the development of semiconductor and electronic markets. In recent years, China will continue to invest in new energy sources and smart grids. We can see more demand for high-precision digital converters and precision operational amplifiers, processors and controllers that support network functions. Long life, wide temperature range, high reliability isolation device. Overall, the demand for China's electronic market is still huge, and the overall growth trend will moderate appropriately. In short, the main market for new energy is the application of new energy in energy systems and power systems. It exists in the four main links of power generation, transmission, distribution and use. This is also an important part of the concept of smart grid. There are many key problems in the construction of new energy. Among them, new energy generation technology, new energy access, large capacity energy storage, ultra-high voltage transmission, demand side management, intelligent metering technology should become the focus of attention in the industry. For the new energy market, the most important challenges we face will be the requirements of new standards, the problems and cost pressures faced by smart grid, especially the requirements of solar photovoltaic inverters and connecting equipment in Europe and America, and the requirements of microgrid. -inverters. With the construction of smart grid, solar photovoltaic reversal will become the main market opportunity. China has huge business opportunities in utilizing semiconductor technology, greatly improving power transmission and distribution, and developing new renewable energy such as wind and solar energy. It has advantages that many other countries do not have, because we have just begun to open a new page in many areas. China's State Grid announced that it would invest 4 trillion yuan in power infrastructure construction. The investment is 100 times that of the rest of the world, aiming to build a smart grid nationwide by 2020. This is the most ambitious smart grid project in the world. In addition, according to industry forecasts, China's electricity demand will double by 2020. This growth means that demand for new products will also grow, including smart meters, power plant upgrades, solar and wind power plants and transmission equipment, as well as ultra-high voltage transmission lines. In addition, the implementation of new standards in Europe and the United States will require new energy equipment, especially solar photovoltaic inverters, to have higher conversion efficiency, longer service life, wider actual temperature range and higher EMC requirements for grid-connected equipment. From the point of view of security, both the controller and the inverter need to be completely isolated. These specific requirements also promote and promote the development of corresponding industries, especially some new semiconductor devices, devices with long life and high temperature range, and devices to improve the accuracy of current and voltage detection. Demand for low-cost controllers has increased significantly.

The annual Mexican Green Energy Exhibition(Mexico) 2018 opened in Mexico City, Mexico, from September 4-6, 2018. The Green Expo is the largest green energy professional exhibition in Mexico and even the Americas. One of the exhibitions, North American and even global renewable energy manufacturers and industry professionals gathered here to exchange and promote the development of the green energy industry in Mexico, the Americas and the world. As one of the fastest growing markets for green energy and inverter power in the world in recent years, the focus on inverters and solar power generation components is gradually shifting from price to product efficiency and quality. As a leading technology inverter and solar off-grid power generation equipment manufacturer, Beltttbeierte has been committed to improving product quality and performance. After many years of hard work, the product line layout is improving, and more than 300 different series and specifications can be provided for users to choose from. Taking the Mexican Green Energy Exhibition as an opportunity, he advocated that the inverter industry enter intelligence and is willing to work with colleagues in the industry to promote the rapid and better development of the global inverter market. This is also the goal and direction of Beltttbeierte's next efforts.